enemy of the labourers (враг трудящихся, vrag trudyashchikhsya).The Petrograd Military Revolutionary Committee printed lists of "enemies of the people", and Vladimir Lenin invoked it in his decree of 28 November 1917: Īll leaders of the Constitutional Democratic Party, a party filled with enemies of the people, are hereby to be considered outlaws, and are to be arrested immediately and brought before the revolutionary court. The term was first used in a speech by Felix Dzerzhinsky, the first chairman of the Cheka, after the October Revolution. The Soviet Union made extensive use of the term (Russian: враг народа, vrag naroda) (literal meaning is the enemy of the people). The Law of 22 Prairial in 1794 extended the remit of the Revolutionary Tribunal to punish "enemies of the people", with some political crimes punishable by death, including "spreading false news to divide or trouble the people". On 25 December 1793 Robespierre stated: "The revolutionary government owes to the good citizen all the protection of the nation it owes nothing to the Enemies of the People but death". The words ennemi du peuple were used extensively during the French Revolution. Thus, "public enemy" and "enemy of the people" are, etymologically, near synonyms. Whereas "public" is currently used in English to describe something related to collectivity at large, with an implication towards government or the State, the Latin word "publicus" could, in addition to that meaning, also refer directly to people, making it the equivalent of the genitive of populus ("people"), populi ("popular" or "of the people"). Its direct translation is "public enemy". The Senate declared emperor Nero a hostis publicus in AD 68. The expression enemy of the people dates to Imperial Rome (0000).
Origins Rome: the Republic and the Empire In literature, the term enemy of the people features in the title of the stageplay An Enemy of the People (1882), by Henrik Ibsen, and is a theme in the stageplay Coriolanus (1605), by William Shakespeare. Like the term enemy of the state, the term enemy of the people originated and derives from the Latin: hostis publicus, a public enemy of the Roman Empire. 2017–2021) regularly used the enemy of the people term against critical politicians and journalists. 1924–1953), when it was often applied to Trotsky. In the 20th century, the politics of the Soviet Union (1922–1991) much featured the term enemy of the people to discredit any opposition, especially during the régime of Stalin (r. the political party, society, the nation, etc. In political praxis, the term enemy of the people implies that political opposition to the ruling power group renders the people in opposition into enemies acting against the interests of the greater social unit, e.g. The terms enemy of the people and enemy of the nation are designations for the political opponents and for the social-class opponents of the power group within a larger social unit, who, thus identified, can be subjected to political repression. The individuals listed below are only registered as architects in the jurisdictions stated, following their names.Hostis publicus: In the year 49 BC, the Roman Senate declared Julius Caesar as the enemy of the people of Rome.
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